1. Plain washers, also known as flat washers, are essential components in a wide range of industrial applications. These simple, flat discs are typically made from metal or plastic and are used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a bolt or nut. By providing a smooth bearing surface, plain washers help prevent damage to the mating surface or fastener, while also reducing the risk of loosening or slipping. Available in a variety of sizes, materials, and thicknesses, plain washers play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and durability of mechanical assemblies. Their straightforward design and versatility make them indispensable in construction, automotive, and manufacturing industries. In conclusion, plain washers are fundamental tools that contribute to the efficiency and reliability of countless engineering processes.